HVAC Formulas - A Quick and Handy Guide for Common HVAC Calculation

The average person probably doesn't understand the level of precision required to do top-of-the-line HVAC work. To them, it may seem like a technician merely puts up some ductwork or replaces a broken part in their air conditioner. In reality, however, you know that very specific formulas govern good HVAC work, informing the decisions technicians make out in the field. Of course, not every HVAC technicians knows these formulas by heart, and some may not fully understand how they work. Many common, widely available tools can assist in the completion of the calculations your employees regularly make in their day to day operations. Still, gaining a better understanding of the underlying formulas that drive those calculations can help increase the efficiency of your techs and contribute to their growth as HVAC specialists. To that end, we've compiled some of the most common HVAC formulas used in 2020. Formulas included in this guide:

• Electrical Formulas
• Work and Horsepower Formulas
• HVAC Formulas and Specific Terms
• Other Useful Formulas

Electrical Formulas

Below, we’ve included some of the electrical formulas most common to HVAC work, along with some brief explanations of the related terms.

Common HVAC Electrical Terms

E = voltage, or emf I = amperage, or current R = resistance, or load P = power U factor (the overall heat transfer coefficient) = 1/R Farad = one amp stored under one volt of pressure MFD (microfarad) = 1 Farad/1,000,000 Coulomb (charge transported by a constant current of one ampere in one second) = 6.242 × 1018 VA (rating of secondary transformer) = volts x amps

Ohm’s Law

This principle states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across those points.

E = I x R I = R / E R = E/I

Wattage Formula

P = E x I

To measure by kilowatts: P = (E x I)/1000

Three-Phrase Motor Voltage Imbalance

Compressor overheating is often caused by a voltage imbalance between the motor terminals of an engine’s compressor. The basic formula here is as follows:

Percent unbalance = (largest unbalance divided by average volts) x 100

Let’s run a quick example to go through the steps of how to collect the necessary data to run this formula. Step One - Measure the line voltage between the phases of the compressor’s motor terminals. In this example, the voltage readings for the lines between the phases are…

Line 1 to Line 2 = 218 V Line 2 to Line 3 = 228 V Line 3 to Line 1 = 214 V

Step Two - Determine the average of the readings. Given the numbers above, the formula in this case would be…

218 + 228 + 214 = 660/3 = an average of 220 volts

Step Three - Determine the imbalance for each phase by comparing the difference between the voltage of each phase to the average voltage. When conducting this step, remember that the result must be a positive number. The calculations for the numbers we’re working are…

Line 1 to Line 2 = 220 - 218 = 2 V Line 2 to Line 3 = 228 - 220 = 8 V Line 3 to Line 1 = 220 - 214 = 6 V

Step Four - Take the largest imbalance found by step three and divide it by the average volts found in step two. Multiply by 100 to create a percentage. Since the largest imbalance we found was 8 volts and the average voltage was 220, the formula is as follows…

Percent unbalance = (8/220) x 100 Percent unbalance = (0.03636363636) x 100 Percent unbalance = 3.636363636%

Step Five - Square the unbalance percentage and multiply it by two to determine the percentage increase in winding temperature. This step allows your technician to determine the actual impact of this imbalance on the temperature of the motor. With the percentage imbalance we determined above, the formula looks like this…

Percent temperature rise = 2 x (3.636363636)² Percent temperature rise = 2 x (13.2231404932) Percent temperature rise = 26.4462809864

As you can see, a small imbalance in voltage can lead to an increase in temperature of over 26%. Ensure that your technicians stay on the lookout for this issue when examining overheating compressors.

Work and Horsepower Formulas

Work = force x distance Horsepower (HP) = 33,000 ft-lbf of work in one minute HP = 745.7 watts Metric HP = 735.5 watts Kilowatt (KW) = 3413 British Thermal Units (BTU)

HVAC Formulas and Specific Terms

Ton of Refrigeration

The amount of heat needed to melt one ton of ice at 32 degrees Fahrenheit, equivalent to 12,000 BTU per hour.

Air Consistency

Dry Air = 78% nitrogen + 21% oxygen + 1% various other gases Specific Density of Air = 1 / 13.33 (or .075 lbs. per cubic foot) Raising one pound of standard air one degree Fahrenheit requires .24 BTUs

Heat/Humidity

Relative Humidity = moisture present / total moisture air can hold Specific Humidity = mass of water vapor / total mass of moist air parcel Dew Point Temperature (in degrees Celsius) = observed temperature (in degrees Celsius) - ((100 - relative humidity percentage) / 5) The formula for determining dew point temperature may also be expressed as...

Td = T - ((100 - RH) / 5)

Remember that this formula is merely a very accurate approximation to be used only when the relative humidity value is above 50%. A more precise (and complicated) formula can be found here.

Determining Heat in Conditions Other Than Standard Air

Total Heat (BTU/hr.) = 4.5 x cubic feet per minute (CFM) x Δh (std. air) Sensible Heat (BTU/hr) = 1.1 x CFM x Δt (std. air) Latent Heat (BTU/hr) = 0.69 x CFM x Δgr. (std. air)

Other Useful Formulas

Total Heat (BTU/hr) = 500 x gallons per minute (GPM) x Δt (water) BTU/hr = 3.413 x watts = HP x 2546 = Kg Cal x 3.97 Lb. = 453.6 grams Pounds per Square Inch (PSI) = ft. water / 2.31 = inch of mercury(HG) / 2.03 = inch of water / 27.7 = 0.145 x kilopascal (kPa) GPM = 15.85 x liters per second CFM = 2.119 x liters per second Wattage per Square Foot = .0926 x wattage / mass²

Keep Your HVAC Technicians Sharp

While not meant to function as a comprehensive list, the formulas selected and listed above will be of great assistance to your technicians in their typical, day-to-day work. Encourage your employees to print this out to use as a cheat sheet, or merely direct them to this resource to study in their downtime. If your team utilizes our HVAC software solution Smart Service, you can store some (or all) of the most important formulas or calculations in a custom form. This will allow technicians to easily reference the calculations via their mobile device. You can also store previous calculations for a given customer or piece of equipment so that your company can reference it during a future service call (businesses that offer preventative maintenance contracts will find this especially useful). An informed technician is an efficient technician. As the skills and knowledge of your team grows, so too will the success of your HVAC business.